Accent and dialect revision.
Milroy's 'Belfast' study. - Members of a speech community are connected to each other in social networks which may be relatively 'closed' or 'open'.
- Closed network = When all a person's contacts know each other - High density - (typically men)
- Open network = When a person's contacts tend to not know each other. - Low density - (typically women)
- Links between people may be different; friends, relatives, neighbors, workmates. The links could also be more multiplex if they're connected in several ways e.g. job, family, leisure activities etc.
- Dense networks function as norm-enforcement mechanisms - a 'closely knit' group will enforce linguistic norms.
- Investigated correlation between the integration of individuals within that community and they way they spoke.
- She gave each individual a 'Network Strength Score' based on their knowledge of the people in their community.
- Workplace and leisure activities score 1-5 (5 the highest strength score)
- She then measures individual's use linguistic variables including; 'th' as in mother, 'a' as in hat - which both have standard and non standard forms.
- She found that a High Network Strength Score correlated with use of non-standard (vernacular) forms.
- In most cases men who revealed high usage of non-standard forms were also apart of a tight-knit social network. (Closed networks)
- Non-standard forms are less apparent in women's speech as they belong to less dense social networks (Open networks)
- Some times this was reversed.
- Hammer and Clonard - more women than expected used non-standard form of 'a' as in hat
- Her explanation of this was that it was due to the social pressures within the communities.
- Men from these areas forced to look for work outside community, shared more domestic tasks (consequent blurring sex roles)
- Women in these areas went out to work and young Clonard women all worked together - meant that young Clonard women belonged to dense and multiplex network; they lived, worked, and amused themselves together.
- This 'tight-knit' network puts pressure on members of community who are linguistically homogeneous.
- Over and above gender and class differences. - discovered that it depended on how closely or loosely knit a person belonged to their community that determined their use of local dialect forms - Converge prestige works in a much more complicated way than Milroy had previously thought.
- Closed and open networks can be applied to any case of language variation -e.g. spread of MLE.
- Where as, London children may not have belonged to closed networks due to the; changes in society such as high lvls of immigration, media exposure, greater sense of identity as teenagers.
Giles' 'Capital Punishment' study.
- 5 groups of students with an identical set of arguments against capital punishment.
- 1 Group received a written presentation
- 4 groups received an oral presentation.
- Presented by speaker's from different regions with their own accents; RP, Somerset, South Welsh, Birmingham speaker.
- RP and written presentations were deemed most impressive
- Presentation they thought was worse was Birmingham presentation
- Then - Giles' assessed their persuasiveness by gathering student's opinions of capital punishment before and after the presentations.
- Regional accents scored highest
- Those hearing regional speakers were more likely to change their mind than those hearing the RP or reading the written presentation.
- RP is more professional and competent but not as persuasive as regional accents.
Matched - guise technique
Often had participants listen to the same speaker but using different accents to determine attitudes towards the different accents.
- Technique was used by Lambert in 1960.
Similar studies = Accent of Guilt - Dixon, Mahoney and Cocks (2002).
Neuliep and Speten - Hansen (2014)
Labov's 'Department Store' study (1966)
- Classic study on social differences in New York City Speech.
-He looked for differences in the pronunciations of 'r' and did this by asking department store employees where something was located and listening to them reply 'fourth flour'
- 'r' sound was either pronounced or omitted.
-Historically New York speech was 'r-less' but since, it has been reintroduced.
- Pronunciation and frequency changed depending on their socio-economic groups.
- Those of a higher socio-economic class pronounced 'r' more frequently.
Labov's survey had 3 stages all together
1.
- The department stores he went to were;
- Saks Fifth Avenue (expensive upper middle-class store)
- Macy's (less expensive middle class store)
- S. Klein (a discount store frequented mainly by working-class)
-Each employee pronounced post-vocalic 'r' 4 times (twice in each Fourth and floor)
2.
- Studied pronunciation patterns of largest homogeneous groups in the 3 department stores; white, female sales clerks.
-Survey had the same results.
-The higher the socio-economic class the more frequent pronunciation of 'r'.
3.
Didn't focus on pronunciation patterns in all 3 stores but on the feature occurring in 1 store and the speech of 3 occupational groups.
-Had the same results
-The higher the socio-economic class the more frequent pronunciation of 'r'.
Bernstein and Labov - Restricted and elaborated codes (1960's)
- Restricted code = limited vocab, basic use of syntax, high levels of redundancy (predictability), used by people who share interests and experiences - heavily context dependent, high use of tag questions, reinforces group identity - pronouns such as 'we'
- Elaborated code = wider range of vocab, more complex syntax, entropic (harder to predict), less concerned with group relationship, expression of uniqueness and individuality - greater use of first person pronoun.
-The ability to switch codes allows people to "fit" into a wider range of situations.
- Use of elaborated code = more chance of success.
- ability to switch between codes is also important.
-Elab code especially important in education - teachers use this and text books are written this way.
-Res code only - will impair learner's ability to gain new knowledge at school.
BBC ' voices' project
- Closed network = When all a person's contacts know each other - High density - (typically men)
- Open network = When a person's contacts tend to not know each other. - Low density - (typically women)
- Links between people may be different; friends, relatives, neighbors, workmates. The links could also be more multiplex if they're connected in several ways e.g. job, family, leisure activities etc.
- Dense networks function as norm-enforcement mechanisms - a 'closely knit' group will enforce linguistic norms.
- Investigated correlation between the integration of individuals within that community and they way they spoke.
- She gave each individual a 'Network Strength Score' based on their knowledge of the people in their community.
- Workplace and leisure activities score 1-5 (5 the highest strength score)
- She then measures individual's use linguistic variables including; 'th' as in mother, 'a' as in hat - which both have standard and non standard forms.
- She found that a High Network Strength Score correlated with use of non-standard (vernacular) forms.
- In most cases men who revealed high usage of non-standard forms were also apart of a tight-knit social network. (Closed networks)
- Non-standard forms are less apparent in women's speech as they belong to less dense social networks (Open networks)
- Some times this was reversed.
- Hammer and Clonard - more women than expected used non-standard form of 'a' as in hat
- Her explanation of this was that it was due to the social pressures within the communities.
- Men from these areas forced to look for work outside community, shared more domestic tasks (consequent blurring sex roles)
- Women in these areas went out to work and young Clonard women all worked together - meant that young Clonard women belonged to dense and multiplex network; they lived, worked, and amused themselves together.
- This 'tight-knit' network puts pressure on members of community who are linguistically homogeneous.
- Over and above gender and class differences. - discovered that it depended on how closely or loosely knit a person belonged to their community that determined their use of local dialect forms - Converge prestige works in a much more complicated way than Milroy had previously thought.
- Closed and open networks can be applied to any case of language variation -e.g. spread of MLE.
- Where as, London children may not have belonged to closed networks due to the; changes in society such as high lvls of immigration, media exposure, greater sense of identity as teenagers.
Giles' 'Capital Punishment' study.
- 5 groups of students with an identical set of arguments against capital punishment.
- 1 Group received a written presentation
- 4 groups received an oral presentation.
- Presented by speaker's from different regions with their own accents; RP, Somerset, South Welsh, Birmingham speaker.
- RP and written presentations were deemed most impressive
- Presentation they thought was worse was Birmingham presentation
- Then - Giles' assessed their persuasiveness by gathering student's opinions of capital punishment before and after the presentations.
- Regional accents scored highest
- Those hearing regional speakers were more likely to change their mind than those hearing the RP or reading the written presentation.
- RP is more professional and competent but not as persuasive as regional accents.
Matched - guise technique
Often had participants listen to the same speaker but using different accents to determine attitudes towards the different accents.
- Technique was used by Lambert in 1960.
Similar studies = Accent of Guilt - Dixon, Mahoney and Cocks (2002).
Neuliep and Speten - Hansen (2014)
Labov's 'Department Store' study (1966)
- Classic study on social differences in New York City Speech.
-He looked for differences in the pronunciations of 'r' and did this by asking department store employees where something was located and listening to them reply 'fourth flour'
- 'r' sound was either pronounced or omitted.
-Historically New York speech was 'r-less' but since, it has been reintroduced.
- Pronunciation and frequency changed depending on their socio-economic groups.
- Those of a higher socio-economic class pronounced 'r' more frequently.
Labov's survey had 3 stages all together
1.
- The department stores he went to were;
- Saks Fifth Avenue (expensive upper middle-class store)
- Macy's (less expensive middle class store)
- S. Klein (a discount store frequented mainly by working-class)
-Each employee pronounced post-vocalic 'r' 4 times (twice in each Fourth and floor)
2.
- Studied pronunciation patterns of largest homogeneous groups in the 3 department stores; white, female sales clerks.
-Survey had the same results.
-The higher the socio-economic class the more frequent pronunciation of 'r'.
3.
Didn't focus on pronunciation patterns in all 3 stores but on the feature occurring in 1 store and the speech of 3 occupational groups.
-Had the same results
-The higher the socio-economic class the more frequent pronunciation of 'r'.
Bernstein and Labov - Restricted and elaborated codes (1960's)
- Restricted code = limited vocab, basic use of syntax, high levels of redundancy (predictability), used by people who share interests and experiences - heavily context dependent, high use of tag questions, reinforces group identity - pronouns such as 'we'
- Elaborated code = wider range of vocab, more complex syntax, entropic (harder to predict), less concerned with group relationship, expression of uniqueness and individuality - greater use of first person pronoun.
-The ability to switch codes allows people to "fit" into a wider range of situations.
- Use of elaborated code = more chance of success.
- ability to switch between codes is also important.
-Elab code especially important in education - teachers use this and text books are written this way.
-Res code only - will impair learner's ability to gain new knowledge at school.
BBC ' voices' project
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